Gassée’s take on Tesla is interesting. Namely that Tesla has one leg up on the competition by integrating software rather than sourcing it from third parties (and largely just branding it), and that this may be similar to the “PC guys are not just going to walk in” misguided optimism of Palm/Nokia/Microsoft/Blackberry. VW, BMW et al think Tesla is a weird outsider who can’t manufacture at scale, but they still regard software as a non-essential add-on a third party can make for them.