[evan]

I'm just trying to get this all working right, it's code provided to us by our professor. He gave us some basic instructions (make sure the function name has an underscore for it, use -f macho) for doing this outside of linux but basically left us on our own an I can't get it to work

Here's my command line inputs and the error message I get, how do I get everything to work nicely so the program behaves normally when I ./vecsum ? The same thing occurs when I use the provided makefile (using -macho), but for simplicity I won't include that.

Evan-Daviss-iMac:lab8 Evan$ g++ -c -o main.o main.cppEvan-Daviss-iMac:lab8 Evan$ nasm -f macho -o vecsum.o vecsum.sEvan-Daviss-iMac:lab8 Evan$ g++ -o vecsum main.o vecsum.old: warning: in vecsum.o, file is not of required architectureUndefined symbols:  "_vecsum", referenced from:      _main in main.old: symbol(s) not foundcollect2: ld returned 1 exit status

And here's the code:

vecsum.s

 ;                              vecsum.s;; Author  : Adam Ferrari; Date    : Jan 29, 1998; Purpose : This file contains the implementation of the function;           vecsum, which adds up a vector of integers.; Modified for NASM by Aaron Bloomfield on 9 Nov 2007		global _vecsum	section .text	;; vecsum; Parameter 1  - the starting address of a sequence of 32-bit integers.; Parameter 2  - the number of integers in the sequence.; Return value - the sum of the integers in the sequence.;_vecsum:    ; Standard prologue    push  ebp		; Save the old base pointer    mov   ebp, esp	; Set new value of the base pointer    push  esi		; Save registers    xor   eax, eax	; Place zero in EAX. We will keep a running			; sum of the vector elements in EAX.    mov   esi, [ebp+8]	; Put the vector starting address in ESI.    mov   ecx, [ebp+12]	; Put the vector size in ECX. We will use			; ECX to indicate how many vector elements			; are left to add into the sum.    cmp   ecx, 0	; If there are not more than zero elemen    jle   vecsum_done	; in the array, skip to the end and return			; zero (already in EAX).vecsum_loop:    mov   edx, [esi]	; Put the current vector element into EDX.    add   eax, edx	; Add the current vector element into the			; running sum.    add   esi, 4	; Increment ESI to point to the next			; vector element (4 bytes away).    dec   ecx		; Decrement ECX, the counter of how many			; left to do.    cmp   ecx, 0	; If there are more than zero elements    jg    vecsum_loop	; left to add up, then do the loop again.vecsum_done:    ; At this point, the loop is done, and we have the sum of the    ; vector elements in EAX, which is exactly where we want the    ; return value to be.    ; Standard epilogue    pop   esi		; Restore registers that we used.			; Note - no local variables to dealocate.    pop   ebp		; Restore the caller's base pointer.    ret			; Return to the caller.

main.cpp

// main.cpp#include <iostream>#include <time.h>#include <cstdlib>using namespace std;extern "C" int vecsum (int *, int);// Purpose: This main program produces a vector of random//          numbers between 0 and 99, then calls the//          externally defined function 'vecsum' to add//          up the elements of the vector.// Author:  Adam Ferrariint  main () {    int  n, *vec, sum;    cout << "Please enter a vector size:  ";    cin >> n;    // sanity check the vector size    if (n <= 0) {        cerr << "Vector size must be greater than zero.\n";        return 1;    }    // allocate, initialize, and display vector    vec = new int[n];    // use current time as random seed    srand((unsigned) time(NULL));    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {        vec[i] = rand() % 100;        cout << "\tvec[" << i << "] = " << vec[i] << endl;    }    // sum up the vector and print out results    sum = vecsum(vec, n);    cout << "The sum of all vector elements is " << sum << endl;    return 0;}

[Majost]

That ld warning is the key. I don't know how much you've covered in your class about the stages of compilation, but the linker (ld) goes through the generated object files, figures out where the symbols are, and then properly connects everything into one executable file. It's saying that it can't read your vecsum.o file (not entirely true... but...), and thus it cannot resolve the symbol that's defined inside it.

I Googled asm ld: warning: file is not of required architecture and my top link (which may be biased based on my search history) was this stack overflow question and answer.

Three things here: Warnings are very important. Google is awesome. Stack Overflow is awesome. Learn to use and love them both.

Edit: since I feel guilty about the fib about ld reading vecsum.o.

Compare the difference between the output of file vecsum.o and file main.o. You'll see that they are "formatted" for different architectures. ld needs these files to be of the same architecture to link them together.

[evan]

Originally Posted by Majost That ld warning is the key. I don't know how much you've covered in your class about the stages of compilation, but the linker (ld) goes through the generated object files, figures out where the symbols are, and then properly connects everything into one executable file. It's saying that it can't read your vecsum.o file (not entirely true... but...), and thus it cannot resolve the symbol that's defined inside it. I Googled asm ld: warning: file is not of required architecture and my top link (which may be biased based on my search history) was this stack overflow question and answer. Three things here: Warnings are very important. Google is awesome. Stack Overflow is awesome. Learn to use and love them both. Edit: since I feel guilty about the fib about ld reading vecsum.o. Compare the difference between the output of file vecsum.o and file main.o. You'll see that they are "formatted" for different architectures. ld needs these files to be of the same architecture to link them together.

thanks! This helped a TON. First I just tried to convert the main.o (which was 64bit) it i386 but then that didn't work, so I had to convert the final vecsum executable file to i386 after converting the other two and it worked well.

[evan]

nm